Hammurabi’s Code: Revenge or Justice

Andrew Zobel Christian Woodfin Tim Koehler Justice and revenge, while often lumped together, have very distinct differences. Revenge, in its most basic meaning, is â€Å"exact punishment or expiation for a wrong on behalf of, especially in a resentful or vindictive spirit. † Justice, on the other hand, has more of a heroic feel to it. Justice is the right thing, while revenge is frowned upon in society. Justice is necessary, revenge is not.Every successful civilization in history has had a strong system of laws and punishments, and Hammurabi’s Sumerians were no exception. Hammurabi’s code evokes a strong sense of justice rather than revenge. While his laws were very strict in nature, they were simply disciplinary measures needed to keep the common man in line. The â€Å"eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth† method of discipline, while being quite primitive in compassion for those breaking the law, is still justice at its inner most core.The first three laws i n Hammurabi’s code have to do with protecting the accused. Nowhere in these decrees is revenge a factor; this is all about preserving integrity for the individual. Rules twenty-two to twenty-five have to do with theft and robbery. It is not simply an act of revenge to pursue those in violation of the law and punish them, it is to balance out both sides of the equation. If someone feels the need to steal, then he or she shall face the consequences put forth. Hammurabi was quite strict on adultery.If someone was found having an affair, they were either run out of town, paid a hefty fine, or were put to death. Having such severe punishments for crime really whips the subjects into shape. Had there been less of a penalty, the common man would take advantage of these laws because of no fear of the consequences. If revenge was the core of a legal system, then society could not propel itself forward; it would be too worried about getting even, thus causing it to self-destruct. Witho ut law and order, civilization and a prosperous community cannot exist.

Final Essay

He is stuck on the bridge between being an adult and a child and does not know here he wants to go. He doesn't know what he wants to do or be in the future. Throughout the book, Holder makes many references to the ducks that he saw a few times in Central Park. He says, â€Å"The ducks. Do you know, by any chance? I mean does somebody come around in a truck or something and take them away, or do they fly away by themselves- go south or something? â€Å"(Slinger 91 This could be a symbol for Holder and his life. Holder is wondering where the ducks will go, very much like he is wondering where he himself will go.Holder wonders if he will have to get up and go nowhere on his own, or if someone will come along and help him out before things get too difficult. Holder is thinking about where the ducks will go when it gets cold and hard for them to survive. He is also thinking about where he will go when life gets even more difficult and harder for him to survive on his own. Holder is also scared for the future of children. He has experienced firsthand what it is like to be extremely stressed and forced to grow up quickly. He does not like growing up and he just wants to be a child forever.Holder wants to save children from falling into the world of adulthood. He says, â€Å"Navy, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobody's around – nobody big, mean – except me. And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff – I mean if they're running and they don't look where they're going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That's all I do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all. Know it's crazy, but that's the only thing I'd really like to be.This shows that Holder actually is caring for the children in the world and he wants to help them keep their innocence in any way that he can. Throughout the Story, Holder mentions his little brother Allele. Allele passed away when they were little of cancer. Holder feels guilty and upset over Allies death and really misses him. Allele was one of the few people who Holder actually loved and cared about. Allele had an old baseball mitt with poems written all over it that he would read while standing in the field. While talking about Allies old baseball mitt that Holder kept, he says â€Å"You'd have liked him.He was two years younger than I was, but he was about fifty times as intelligent. He was terrifically intelligent. His teachers were always writing letters to my mother, telling her what a pleasure it was having a boy like Allele in their class. And they weren't just shooting the crap. They really meant it. But it wasn't just that he was the most intelligent member in the family. He was also the nicest, in lots of ways. He never got mad at anybody. God, he was a nice kid, though. He used to laugh so h ard at something he thought of at the dinner table that he just about fell off his chair.

IS strategy development and implementation Essay

IS strategy development and implementation - Essay Example The IS strategy prioritizes the initiatives that are primarily designed to benefit the organization in the short run as well as investing in the long term projects. This IS strategy is like a plan or method that has been chosen in order to accomplish future goals of the organization. It helps in marshalling and planning resources for their most effective and efficient utilization. IS strategy defines competitive forces that determines the product or service ability of the organization to accomplish a strong strategic position in the market (Williams, 2007). For instance, the IS strategy in our case studies will determine competitive forces such as: entry, the ease of entry into the organizational market by other competitors, and whether they face some significant barriers. This will include barriers to market entry; threat of substitution, this will discuss whether there are particular services or products that can substitute the products and services of the organization in our case study; the bargaining power of the consumers, whether a small number of consumers are responsible for the better part of the organizational sales, and whether they can easily switch suppliers; the bargaining power of suppliers, whether the organization have various suppliers and whether there are substitutes to be used; and rivalry among the currently existing competitors, the intensity of the rivalry among the competitors and the way in which that competitors affect the ability of the organization to sustain profits. The developed IS strategy will deal with the above forces in both our case studies. According to Mr. Porter, a firm may take generic strategies in order to create much superior profits. Some of these strategies include: overall cost leadership, differentiation of products and services, and focus on the unique needs of the consumers. It is hence critical that organizations make clear strategy choices in their approach. This is what the implementation of IS strategy is l ikely to result in the organization. This paper therefore seeks to critically examine two main aspects of IS strategy development and/or implementation through the use of case studies to illustrate the arguments and conclusions. In so doing the paper will discuss how and why the IS strategy has been developed through the Venkatraman, and how and why the IS strategy has been implemented through ERP; CRM or MRP. The paper will do this through illustrating a literature review, explaining the two case studies and then giving a conclusion of the arguments in the paper. The case studies are of two different information technology firms that aim to address a serious economic organizational recession and plan the cuts in the public sector as well as the funding. The two firms are also looking up to achieving their long term goals using the IS strategy to be developed and implemented through the mechanism that will be described in this paper. Literature Review This section will illustrate ho w and why the IS strategy is developed as well as how and why the same strategy is implemented. According to the Strategic Alignment Model of Venkatraman, one determination that separates successful business from failed business is the ability to develop and analyze business strategy for success. Mastery of the steps of developing a strategy and creating a concrete business strategy approach to the business helps one to flourish with the business (Spinelli, 2005). The Strategic

Observational assignment police ride along Personal Statement

Observational assignment police ride along - Personal Statement Example With over thirty years of experience between them I felt pretty safe! The officers planned to set up a road block on the main street that leads to the largest disco in town, but that plan would have to wait. On our way to set up the roadblock to the main disco the officers got an emergency call from a smaller disco that that there had been a fight between a Russian and an Italian. The Italian had been stabbed in the shoulder so while we waited for the ambulance the officers questioned both men. It was very interesting to watch their interrogation methods. They spoke to the men separately and asked them the same questions over and over but the officers cleverly reworded the questions to see if they could identify any contradictory statements. It was fascinating to watch. Once the officers gathered information from the victim and the witness the ambulance transported the Italian to the hospital. The officers found an outstanding warrant on the Russian for a failure to appear in court so he was arrested even though the charges for the stabbing were still pending a full investigation. Then we moved on to set up the major roadblock. Unlike American patrol methods where officers drive around neighborhoods, German patrol officers use the tactic of setting up roadblocks at potentially troublesome locations and remain stationary allowing the trouble to come to them. After setting up at our location at 23:27 officer Schmidt pulled over a 2000 BMW and began questioning the nineteen year old occupant. As officer Schmidt took the man's information he also was observing his behavior, how he answered questions, what his eyes looked liked. Based on what office Schmidt observed he asked the driver to submit to a breathalyzer test which registered at 1.2 pro mille. The man was arrested for DWI. At that point Officer Schmidt took the opportunity to educate me about the consequences of DWI. He said since the man was nineteen and still on Germany's two year probation for young drivers, he probably would not be able to drive again for years. In addition, he will have to pay a fine ranging from 2000 to 3500 euros. The next call we received was a report of an overdose in the large disco. A 17 year old girl apparently overdosed on ecstasy pills and was being rushed to the nearest hospital. When we arrived the officers questioned the girls "friends" but of course none of the "friends" knew anything about where she got it or how much she took. Naturally the officers were skeptical but didn't push the issue and seemed satisfied that at least the girl was on her way to hospital. At about 2:00 the traffic from the disco had begun to slow down so the officers decided to patrol around the city. As we drove around office Schmidt noticed a 2003 model Opel without a license plate parked on the main artery. The circumstances seemed to indicate a stolen vehicle so the officers called in the VIN number and sure enough the car had been reported stolen two weeks earlier. I noticed the officers were very careful not to disturb any evidence as they obtained the VIN number and inspected the vehicle. They told me that car thefts have been on the rise in the area over the last few years. Thieves take the cars across the border into Poland and then strip them and part them out making the stolen vehicles very difficult to find. Officer Schmidt then called a towing company to take the car to impound where a team of specialists from

Wills World Cup Cricket Match Personal Statement

Wills World Cup Cricket Match - Personal Statement Example So Sri Lanka got points for the first two games and went directly to the quarter-finals. This never happened before or since in the Cricket World Cup. All the games after that were played in Pakistan or India. The Group A games between Australia and the West Indies were marvelous. All the players on the Australia team were very young. They did not have much World Cup level experience. Their captain, Mark Waugh, also was one of the best scorers of the tournament. They proved they were fighters. The Australians played their hardest against the West Indies veterans. Now the West Indies, as you know, is not one country, but a group of many islands in the Caribbean Sea. It was wonderful to watch how all these players put their skills together to make one terrific team. Brian McMillan and V. Chanderpaul were the team's star players. In one of the semi-final games, the "Windies" as they were called, threw everything they had at the Aussies, but it was not enough. The Australians charged into the final game, defeating the Windies by a score of 207 for 8 in 50 overs. All four of the Group A teams: West Indies, Australia, India and Sri Lanka advanced to the semi-finals. Sri Lanka and Australia played the final, and Sri Lanka was victorious in a dogged match over the Australians, 245 for 3 in 46.2 overs. The Sri Lankans captured the victory by seven wickets to take home the World Cup for 1996. The skilled players from India fascinated me during this tournament. Even though they did not play in the final match, two of their best players took the top awards in the Wills World Cup. Sachin Tendulkar scored an amazing total of 523 runs in all the matches he played. His teammate, Anil Kumble, was the top wicket scorer with 15. I remember the announcer talking about Sachin Tendulkar during the India semi-final game. He told us that Tendulkar was very young, in his early 20s, and had just married before the start of the tournament. He suggested to young men everywhere, "See what a happy marriage can do for you," meaning that Tendulkar played so well because he was very happy and contented. I always wonder if many young cricket players watching the Wills World Cup soon asked their girlfriends to marry them because of this advice. Very different from the India and Australia teams was the South African squad. Every player had played in at least one World Cup before. They were led by the legendary player Hansie Cronje (crow nyee). All of them were white. Apartheid had ended in South Africa, but there were no black players chosen for the team. Cronje was a tall, solidly built man. He had a strong-featured face, a beaky nose, piercing pale eyes and thin lips. He was very intimidating to his opponents. The South Africans fell to the hurricane speed pitches of the Windies, who beat them 264 for 8 in 50 overs. Hansie Cronje remained the permanent captain of the South Africa team for several more years. I was deeply saddened to hear of his death in a small plane crash in 2002. Another thing I remember clearly from the Wills World Cup was the players' uniforms. We are all used to seeing cricket players dressed in snow-white from collar to shoes. But not at the World Cup. The players wore polo-style shirts, short sleeved with two buttons at the top, in vibrant colors. The colors were usually taken from those in the country's flag, except the Windies,

Vodafone in United Kingdom Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Vodafone in United Kingdom - Coursework Example This research will begin with the statement that Vodafone is currently experiencing many changes in its market (operating environment). Due to the diversity of the communication service providers the traditional boundaries of the market have greatly changed. These service providers offer, internet, mobile and broadband services. This change has been enforced and brought about by the evolution of customer needs, an intensified competition in service prices from established and the new competitors, new technologies emergence and regulatory pressures. Due to Factors like; Diversification, market penetration, product development and market development, Vodafone has undertaken the following marketing strategies. There is; Promotions, Price Cuts, Development of new products and market development by starting its new organization in new places. For effectiveness in marketing, Vodafone operates with different branches across with the world with different management. In 1998, the company made a deal with Telecom Egypt which enabled it to increase the stake in the country. After that Vodafone in Egypt was owned by Vodafone 55 % and 54 % Telecom Egypt. This made the company to increase is sales because Telecom Egypt assisted in marketing. The chart below represents the number of shares owned by Vodafone and Telecom Egypt in Egypt. Through the porter’s generic theory of the business environment, the company has identified the possible ways of achieving a competitive advantage over the competitors.

Religious Diffusion in The Early Medieval Era Assignment

Religious Diffusion in The Early Medieval Era - Assignment Example Religious diffusion is a well-attested phenomenon that is scholarly considered controversial. Baghdad grew speedily into the â€Å"world’s navel† when caliph al-Mansur of the Muslims was established as the Abbasid Dynasty’s capital city. The spread of the Islamic religion gives us an excellent example of how both the empire and the religion intertwined to develop the foundation of modern social geography in the world. On the other hand, Chinese Buddhism or Christianity for which most empires acted as the major expansion drive; Islamic itself is the religion, which led to formation of many empires . The Islamic ascent from Arabia unified all the territories, which were between the other universal religions (Christianity and Buddhism) and unified the world in unpredictable forms. The only empire that resisted these universalizing faiths was the Tang Empire. Both Christianity and Buddhism resembled one another in important ways. Christianity could emphasize on how things of these earth are not essential, urging people to concentrate on their spiritual destiny as well as focusing on the divinity. It served as a major cultural revolution in the entire history of the west. Unsurprisingly, Christianity just like Buddhism brought essential monastic movement whereby people especially the holy ones decided to live in a spiritual manner as well as serving their religion . In essence, Buddhism teachings exemplarily show cultural diffusion took place in the medieval world history.

The most significant 3 pieces of legislation in American History since Essay

The most significant 3 pieces of legislation in American History since 1865 - Essay Example Both negative and positive effects of Reconstruction legislation remain today. New Deal legislation was designed to pull the country out of its worst ever economic depression and ease human misery by creating employment opportunities and welfare programs. Many New Deal programs remain today. Civil Rights legislation finished what Reconstruction legislation started in terms of legally ensuring equality for Blacks. It, in essence, leveled the playing field for minorities, women and the disabled and was the result of the most massive social movement in history. Booth’s bullet altered the course of the nation because Vice President Andrew Johnson and President Abraham Lincoln were often diametrically opposed regarding the reconstruction of the South and the degree of civil liberties the freed slaves were to be afforded. Johnson used the presidency to further his own agenda of oppression and revenge on the South following the Civil War. His actions retarded the progression of Reconstruction and in many ways stopped it altogether. The remnants of the Johnson Presidency felt in the South lasted long after his death. The devastated South never received economic help that had been previously promised by Lincoln thus never fully recovered economically. The oppression of Blacks likely continued to a greater degree and for a longer period of time due to Lincoln’s assassination. The cumulative amount of human misery caused by Johnson is incalculable. â€Å"Johnson, who took office after Lincoln’s death, was the only Southern se nator not to leave office upon secession. Lincoln had put him on the presidential ticket as a symbol of unity, but Johnson was a southern Democrat who was not sympathetic to Lincoln’s Republican Party or to helping the newly-freed slaves† (â€Å"What if†, 2007). Despite Johnson’s efforts to the contrary, Congress passed

MARKETING RESEARCH AND INFORMATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

MARKETING RESEARCH AND INFORMATION - Essay Example The first McDonalds restaurant was opened in 1940 established its image as a fast and speedy service provider. To date the restaurant is known for its fast service and convenience. McDonald’s revenue is about $ 22.8 billion with operating profits of $3.9 billion (McDonalds 2008). Today the firm has many rivals and competitors yet it has been able maintain its number one position. However, competition is building up and McDonalds does not seem to have a very bright future. It has not been able to develop a product in a decade that would appeal to the masses. Coupled with that, McDonalds entered some wrong markets where the competition already existed with full force leading the firm to close down its operations in those markets (McDonalds 2008). Also, McDonalds has been blamed for causing obesity amongst children and have been charged with lawsuits also. With the changing needs and requirements of the market, McDonalds has been able to update itself in terms of menu, environment, service and technology. With its growing customers globally, McDonalds developed its website where it interacts with its customers and gives them what they require. McDonalds has maintained a separate website for every country (McDonalds 2008). These websites have been localized in terms of menu, layout and language etc. but the color schemes and logo are the same in all the websites. Several marketing campaigns have been launched via the websites especially the ‘I’m lovin it’ in 2003 with great success. This was an essential move as the target market was moving towards the internet from the TV and promotion was becoming a challenge (Singh 1994). The websites have proved to be a great interacting medium with the customers and has enables the firm to reach their target market especially those in the age bracket of 16-24 years who are avid internet users(Chiem 2000). This interface

Project Risk Management Essay Example for Free

Project Risk Management Essay I.Introduction I am the Project Manager developing the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. The development of this state-of-the-art airplane will include an international team of aerospace companies led by Boeing. The advances in this airplane will reduce the use of fuel by 20%, increase cargo capacity, increase nautical miles in a mid-range airplane, and improve passenger comfort. Boeing expects sales of 3,500 units over the next 20 years. (Norris Wagner, 2009) To really understand the impact of multiple providers, along with the logistics to coordinate assembly, I will illustrate, discuss, and provide a conclusion using two decision tree analyses. The first fault tree will detail the delivery system and identify the failure that could result in delivery failure. The second fault tree details the lack of labor to assemble the airplane. Both pose results that have the potential to financially impact the project. The fault tree diagram will provide a visual representation of the risk and help analyze the cause by looking backwards to identify the root cause. II.Fault Tree One III.Discussion of Fault Tree One There are over 40 Companies/Business Units contributing to the success of developing the 787 Dreamliner. Nine of the Companies/Business Units are located outside of the United States. Given these two elements alone there are a number of faults that could cause the final assembly and completion date to be impacted. The first probable cause for missing the completion date is the supply chain. The supply chain flow ensures the material is available according to the inventory levels to continue building. Supply chain push systems help keep inventory levels set according to contractual agreements. When the quality throughput of the component is less than 95%, the demand is increased. Quality measures are in place to alert the supplier when the throughput is less than 95% as desired but additional demands with reduced quality requirements keep the supplier from delivering. Original plans called for specific manufactured items for each component yet the supplier elected to use a less expensive alternative which isn’t meeting quality requirements. To help mitigate the supplier risks, determine the supplier’s attitude to safety, quality, and environmental aspects to delivering components. Another treatment would be to appoint an onsite supplier liaison manager responsible for signing off on any supplier and/or design changes. It would also be helpful to have back to back contracts with sub-contractors. IV.Fault Tree Two V.Discussion of Fault Tree Two In the second fault tree I illustrated the impact of labor on the delivery of the 787 Dreamliner. The labor to assemble the airplane components at the Boeing facility in Everett is critical to ensure the on-time delivery of the airplane. The union labor to assemble the Dreamliner is under contract review, the contract will expire two months prior to the first assembly. The expiration of the machinist contract and failure to arrive at a new mutually acceptable contract would lead to a possible strike. Discussion between the labor union and the company would be required to mediate the dispute. The lack of a compromise would cause a significant impact on the scheduled completion date. However, negotiations to resolve this dispute are required to ensure employees feel fairly compensated and do not walk out during assembly. The use of risk treatment should provide a minimum of efficient operation of the organization, internal controls, and compliance with the laws and regulations. To assist with labor treatment risk, re-allocate internal staff and cross train non-union members to complete the assembly of the airplane. Assess the technical skills required, develop a skill requirement profile for assembly, and identify other critical skills required for replacement. Treatment could also include the establishment and maintenance of an internal/external skill profile of current, previous, and potential employees to assist should a labor strike occur. VI.Conclusions Above I only identified one risk analysis technique however there are many others available. Many are qualitative and don’t show the dependencies between events. The tree technique I used above takes into consideration the logical combination of causes that contribute to the identified failed event. The fault tree technique brings sufficient understanding to the nature of the failure and how to manage the failed event(s). Fault tree one helped me identify that an onsite supplier liaison manager would have eliminated the failure along with standard work, forms and signatures to authorize such changes to the bill of material for the component. Similarly, fault tree two identified adequate compensation as the root cause of the delivery/labor failure. Treatment of the risk could have included managing the risk earlier in the contract and/or establishing a contract bridge or extension to avoid a strike. VII.Works cited Cortez, A. (2010). The complete idiots guide to risk management. New York, NY: Penguin Group. Fraser, J., Simkins, B. (2010). Enterprise risk management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Kerzer, H. (2011). Project management metrics, kpis, and dashboards. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Norris, G., Wagner, M. (2009). Boeing 787 dreamliner. Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press. Schuyler, J. (2010). Risk and decision analysis in projects. (2 ed.). Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, Inc. Turner, A. (2011). The birth of the 787 dreamliner. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing.

Leadership and Communication Scenario

Leadership and Communication Scenario Erin Tracy What does leadership mean to you? The definition of leadership is just as much an ambiguous idea to you as it is to the researchers that strive to define it. Pinning down a single, definitive answer to my question is all but impossible due to the ever-changing aspects of the subject matter itself. To be a leader, you must have someone to lead. This much everyone agrees is true, however, the rest remains opaque. From this base knowledge, you can begin to build your own definition having first understood that when dealing with people no one definition will ever fit the bill. According to Dr. Victor S. Sohman of Drexel University, leadership and teamwork are two sides of the same coin (2013) one never truly existing without the other. This is an important concept when considering what effective leadership looks like, the communication styles associated with effective leadership and the real-world application of these concepts. What is Effective Leadership? James MacGregor Burns defined leadership as the reciprocal process of mobilizing, by persons with certain motives and values, various economic, political, and other resouces, in a context of competition and conflict, in order to realize goals independently or mutually held by both leaders and followers (Burns, 1978 ). Samson Girma defines leadership as the approaches addopted by superiors in their everyday interaction with employees. (Girma, 2016) Lastly, Dr. Victor S Sohman addopted the deffinition as follows: Leadership comprises influence processes affecting the interpretation of events of followers; the choice of objectives for the group or organization; the organization of work activities to accomplish the objectives; the motivation of followers to achieve the objectives; the maintenance of cooperative relationships and teamwork; and the enlistment of support and cooperation from people outside the group or organization (Sohmen, 2013). As you can see there is a wide range of oppinions as to the definition of leadership; so if one can not even decide how to define it how can you begin to objectively measure it? Communication Styles Associated with Successful Leaders Dr. Victor Sohman did this best by, first setting a very inclusive definition and then adapting the Five-Dimensional Leadership Competency Model developed by K.S. Cameron and D.A. Whetten (2011). These five aspects of leadership are 1. Transformational 2. Transactional 3. Organic 4. Contemporary; and 5. Ethical (Sohmen, 2013). Transformational leaders use enthusiasm to motavate their employees; Transactional leaders use rewards to motivate results; Organic leaders emit a sense of inclusion to their team to motivate them to acomplish goals; Contemporary leaders lead by structure to gently push their constituants in the proper direction, and finially; Ethical leaders utalizes their own personal integrity to inspire their people to greatness. Building your leadership style off of a model like this has many benefits. As you can tell, all of these atributes are interchangeable. A leader may use any of these or any combination of at any given point throughout the day to effect change withi n their company. Therefore, being fluent in these is a critical aptitude of a successful leader. Real World Applications The ability to implement these concepts in the real world can be challenging, however, we can all agree that a leader that only communicates when he needs something done, and only tells his team what to do and not why they are doing it will not be effective. While there are a multitude of strategies that a leader could use to correct this lack of communication, there are a few that could prove essential in this situation. The knowledge of generational differences in your employees (and yourself) along with individual strengths and weaknesses are keys to navigating the subversive terrain of leadership. Being able to lead the individual as well as the group will set you on a path to success. Another concept that will allow you to be successful is being able to mutate yourself and the way that you communicate to the person that you are trying to reach. Just saying the words is not enough, especially if you do not say it in a way that they are going to hear you. Learning how to use new t echnology, electronic communication, and face to face interactions are all critical in maintaining open communication with followers. The implementation of a Contemporary type of leadership coupled with an Ethical addition would likely be a good fit for everybody in this situation. This would allow the leader to maintain some of the structure that they are used to making a more seamless transition of change. The addition of an Ethical form of leadership would serve as a stabilizing factor during change. The sheer presence of a confident and true leader will set everybody involved at ease making it easier to change the culture of the company. If the employees have been particularly upset by the lack of communication the transparent aspects of the Transformational type of leadership would likely help as well. All in all, by considering what effective leadership looks like, the communication styles associated with effective leadership and the real-world application of these concepts, you can begin to get an idea of the success of your leadership style. No matter what style or combination of styles you choose to implement, by having quantifiable standards set, one is better able to reliably asses the effectiveness of ones leadership style to effect change within a company. References Burns, J. (1978 ). Leadership. New York: Harper Row. Flauto, F. J. (1999). Walking the Talk: The Relationship Between Leadership and COmmunication Competence. The Journal of Leadership Studies, 86-97. Girma, S. (2016). The relationship between leadership style, job satisfaction and culture of the organization. International Journal of Applied Research, 35-45. Sohmen, D. V. (2013). Leadership and Teamwork: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Journal of IT and Economic Development, 1-18. Whetten, D. A. Cameron, K.S. (2011). Developing Management skills. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall /Pearson.

The Holocaust in Night by Elie Wiesel Essay -- essays research papers

Author: Elie Wiesel Do you see that chimney over there? See it? Do you see those flames? Over there- that's where you're going to be taken. That's your grave, over there. Haven't you realize it yet? You dumb bastards, don't you understand anything? You're going to be burned. Frizzed away. Turned into ashes. The Holocaust lasted from 1939-1942. During these tough and traumatic years Hitler killed over 6,000,000 people, mostly Jews, but the retarded, homosexual, and handicapped were also murdered. But the Jews did make it through these rough times. They survived only on courage, dreams, and hope. Before World War II, Elie Wiesel led an ordinary life for a teenage Jew at the time. He went to synagogue and he went to school, (which at the time not many people went to), and that was a normal day for him up until the Germans came and took them away to the concentration camps. He liked having long discussion with a homeless person named Moshe. One day Moshe moved to a different town. When he came back to Sighet, Transylvan...

Classical Theory: The Good Son :: essays research papers fc

After watching the movie the good son I found a lot to similarities between what went on and the classical theory. I plan on highlighting Cesare Beccaria’s classical theories central assumptions and giving examples of events that occurred in the movie to connect the two. To setup some of the story I’ll introduce you to the characters and what their role is throughout the movie. The mother and father are Wallace and Susan Evans, and their children are Henry and Connie. After Mark Evans mother dies, and his father Jack goes out of town on business Mark is sent to live with his Uncle Wallace and Aunt Susan and their two kids for three weeks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The classical theory is one that believes that human beings were believed to act in terms of their own self-interest, but also to be capable of considering which course of action was really in their self-interest(Classical 1). Also the classical theorists believed that people were free willed, making them completely responsible for their actions(Bohm 12). The state would then construct laws and punishments in such a way that people would understand peaceful and non-criminal actions to be in their self-interest through strategies of punishment based on deterrence(Classical 1). When it came to punishing individuals, Beccaria believed that the only purpose for punishment was for deterrence to make sure that that individual or anyone else who knew of the crime did not also commit the same crime(Bohm 14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the assumptions that the classical theory makes is that it assumes that everyone is motivated to engage in crime through the pursuit of their self-interests(Agnew 17). As a child most of what you do is in the pursuit of your own self-interest, at least so it seems at the time. In the beginning of the movie the crimes start out slow that Henry commits and seems to drag Mark into every time he does, but with them being so small Mark does not think anything of them. For instance, the two boys start throwing rocks acting as they were grenades and it then escalades into throwing the rocks through panes of glass on the building that they are inside of. Another example, it is right after that point in the movie that Henry takes Mark to a well and pulls a box out of the well that he has hidden. Inside the box are a lighter and some cigarettes that Henry lights up and gets Mark to take a drag.

Socialism: What is the Ideal?

As a Salesman myself, I feel that I can relate to Death of a Salesman, to the extent of understanding what the job entails. In this essay, I shall depict the effects that socialism had on the characters of Death of a Salesman. I will include the social struggle of society, the contradictions involved, and the ideas of success, the character’s goals, and Willy’s downfall. I shall also include how Socialism has affected the real world and our nation’s society. Willy Loman’s world enticed him to become something he was not. Society placed a burden upon Willy’s head, of which he could not bare. But he was agonized by his awareness of being in a false position, so constantly haunted by the hollowness of all he had placed his faith in, so aware, in short, that he must somehow be filled in his spirit or fly apart, that he staked his very life on the ultimate assertion† (Miller 1594). Miller’s statement implies that Willy was in such a rut, knowing that he could not afford to pay for his appliances or even for his automobile, that he risked everything to succeed. The government however, in Willy’s world, defined what succeeding really is. Socialism means the substitution of governmental judgment for that of the individual and for individual ambition as well† (Myers 3). Willy’s ambitions involved obtaining a new career closer to his family and being able to afford all of his material objects. â€Å"Committed himself so completely to the counterfeits of dignity and the fake coinage embodied in his idea of success that he can prove his existence only by bestowing ‘power’ on his posterity, a power deriving from the sale of his last asset, himself† (Miller 1594). It is clear that the government played a major role in creating those ambitions. Biff’s social struggle included living up to his father’s expectations, of which his father did not necessarily approve of, until the end of the playwright. The government as a whole decided what was acceptable in society, and what was not, which is true to this day. Society has demanded a great deal from its inhabitants for thousands of years, especially in the United States. We soak up the governments and large corporation’s idealism everyday through nearly every source of entertainment we consume. A good example of true socialism would be a class-system, such as in central Asia, specifically China and India. For many years the Chinese and Indians have accepted a socialistic way of life, judging and ranking their citizens merely by blood-line and skin-color. For instance, both countries considered lighter (paler) skinned individuals as having a higher status compared to darker-skinned individuals. Therefore, even today, the sales of large amounts of skin-lightening creams exist in the Asian market. The largest contradiction I have come to understand is that exerting too much effort into an ideal ultimately ends in disaster. We witness this by examining Willy Loman. He, as a salesman, has an extremely stressful lifestyle. He ponders as to what he will do about his son Biff, and how he will be able to afford his bills. His lust for existence drove him mad, and eventually became the exact thing that invoked his demise. The ideas of success vary between characters in Death of a Salesman. Happy understood success as being able to provide for his family, more than merely financially. He always made statements on how him and Biff would open a sporting goods store, and be successful. Willy’s idea of success, in my opinion, was confirming his existence in society as a hard-working, honorable American. He however, drove himself mad as life-events spiraled downwards. Biff pursued to do something with his life, making his father happy in the process. Biff provides evidence of struggle by suggesting â€Å"When all you really desire is to be outdoors, with your shirt off. And always to have to get ahead of the next fella. And still – that’s how you build a future† (Miller 1429). That statement defines a key point in the story, because it symbolizes how each character yearns to get ahead and be successful. Miller’s playwrights were heavily influenced with Socialism, as Helge Nilsen states, â€Å"Human beings are sacrificed to economic interests in ways that are not only immoral, but even criminal in nature† (1608). That statement suggests that Miller purposely set each character up, in order to have a certain Socialistic ideal embodied within their personalities. Biff, however, has begun to rebel against his father’s ideas and to feel his way towards different standards, meaning those that Miller associates with the socialist society† (Nilsen 1609). The value of success is very difficult to measure. Each and every individual has their own understanding of success, as did Biff, Happy, and Willy. Society, for the most part, has labeled success as obtaining financial well-being. If someone were to be well off financially, then they are considered successful to the majority. Socialism has embedded that concept in our minds, from childhood to the present day. The socialist mentality is usually also an atheistic mentality, where atheism is understood not so much as the disbelief in God as the hatred of God – an attitude as precarious logically as it has been destructive in practice† (Kimball 16). That statement indicates that Socialism is equivalent to brainwashing an individual’s values. Willy’s goal in life, in my opinion, was to be successful enough to instill the correct ideals in his children’s mind, and to also recognize his own existence. Biff’s situation, in Willy’s mind, was a major conflict in his life. Without Biff becoming successful and making something out of his life, Willy would not exist and live up to his own ideals. Biff’s goals however, were filled with confusion and insecurity. Biff exclaims, â€Å"I’ve always made a point of not wasting my life, and every time I come back here I know that all I’ve done is waste my life† (Miller 1429). From that statement, I presume that Biff would like to fulfill his father’s request of not wasting his life. We witness that towards the end of the playwright, when Biff begins to sob and then embraces Willy. That moment in the play contributes a large amount to the irony towards the moral of the play, to exist is to meet one’s ideals. Willy’s realization however, brought upon his demise. Death of a Salesman’s overall plot and theme brings out a powerful message to today’s society. In our country today, individuals do not necessarily seek certain prospects out of pure joy, but rather out of financial greed. For example, class-systems still exist to this day in some countries, and diminish the value of overall life for the less fortunate. The ultimate downfall of Willy was that he consumed himself of his true values. His urge to make money and be a great salesman drove him wild. He did not realize what Biff was attempting to do until it was too late. As Nilsen stated, â€Å"But Biff continues his attempt to break through to his father’s feelings and establish a genuine connection and respect between them. Hence his plaintive cry: ‘Pop, I’m nothing†¦I’m just what I am, that’s all’† (1611). Since Biff did not abide by the socialist ideals of the time, Willy was determined to correct it. I believe Willy could not handle the pressures of life, and therefore ended up where he did. In this essay I have written about the effects of Socialism on the characters of Death of a Salesman. I described the effects social struggle, contradiction, ideas on success, their goals and Willy’s ultimate downfall. Writing on this topic was quite interesting, because it made me open my eyes on the current situations of our nation. Overall I believe Socialism is expressed greatly in this playwright, and that it teaches the reader that certain ideals such as financial prosperity are not always the answer to life.

Dramatic devices and events used by Miller Essay

‘You’re the Devil’s man! ‘ When Mary finally buckles under the weight of Abigail’s power over her and her intelligent reaction to the situation- the accusation against Mary of witching her, she blames Proctor of witchcraft, thus condemning the whole of Salem to madness, and taking away the lives of Proctor and many other innocents. This event marks the end of any possibility of sanity in Salem, and is ruinous for the once peaceful town. The other accusation in this act is the blame placed on Abigail by Proctor that Abigail is a whore. Even though it would seem the most far-fetched and outrageous claim made in this act, it is the only truthful one. The court’s ‘justice’ fails to grasp this concept though, so the lies win the struggle once again. Act 3 holds the best chance Salem has had of being released from the hysteria and madness that has accumulated and multiplied, feeding upon the accusations and lies that have been propagated, but this glimmer of hope is extinguished, and the truth is once again suppressed and shunned. The truth of the girls’ fraud is suppressed. From the very beginning, when Proctor first speaks out against the court, Danforth’s questioning techniques attempt to intimidate Proctor, thus trying to suppress the truth, because his dialogue is imposing, inflexible and intimidating, thus preventing the one person who holds the key to the release of Salem, the one person who knows and can tell the truth, from doing so. ‘If I must answer that, I will leave and not come back again. ‘ The other character key to suppressing the truth is Abigail, because she is harnessing the power of the witch trials to eliminate Elizabeth, to clear the path to her lust for Proctor, she also has an intimidating dialogue, because hers is indignant, and at times, even threatening, cleverly making out that she is innocent. She acts the part of a girl who is shocked and indignant at the charge against her, making the charge seem entirely false, when in reality it is completely accurate. She pretends to be indignant at the questions, to avoid answering the questions that Danforth poses to her, and even threatens to leave the court, showing her growing power over the adults in Salem. She also keeps looking at Mary, and uses the apparitions of the yellow bird and the icy wind, to force Mary back to her side, once again suppressing the truth from one character that could be the end of the lies. She chatters her teeth and shakes, to make the apparitions seem even more realistic. There are also events in Act 3 that also show the suppression of the truth, such as Danforth and Hathorne questioning Proctor to try to suppress the truth. In order to try to dispose of the threat that Proctor begins to pose in Act 3, Danforth and Hathorne exercise their power to invade his privacy. Even though Proctor has not yet been formally accused of witchcraft, Danforth and Hathorne, like Hale earlier, question him about his Christian morals as though he were already on trial. They hope to find in his character even the slightest deviation from Christian doctrine because they would then be able to cast him as an enemy of religion. Once thus labelled, Proctor would have virtually no chance of anyone in God-fearing Salem intervening on his behalf, therefore suppressing the truth. The court created for the witch trials was commonly believed by the villagers to be created by God. Therefore the upholding of this court becomes essential to the maintenance of social order in Salem. There is a big decision to be made by the judges in this act- to maintain social order and suppress individuals’ freedom, or to submit to the truth, thus condemning Salem to chaos and their reputation to breakdown. Some dramatic devices in this act are used to emphasise the issue of the decision between maintenance of social order or the truth. When Judge Danforth enters, the rest of the characters including Cheever and Parris trail him. This positioning of characters emphasises the authority that Danforth possesses. On his appearance, silence falls, again showing his power and authority as high judge of the court. He has the power to suppress the truth or to give justice, to take away the lives of innocents, or to heal Salem of the wounds it has suffered. ‘Let you consider it then. ‘ When Hale says this sentence, the room falls silent as Proctor hands Danforth the warrant. This is a dramatic climax, when Danforth is considering Proctor’s evidence. This is a fulcrum, where the verdict could go either way-where social order could be maintained, or Proctor’s individual freedom could be granted. The silence is broken only by Mary’s sob, showing the importance of this moment. ‘I have evidence for the court!†¦ we have proof for your eyes’ The desperate attempt by Giles, Proctor and Francis to save their respective wives exposes the extent to which the trials have become about specific individuals and institutions struggling to maintain power and authority-social order versus individual freedom. Danforth and Hathorne do not want to admit publicly that they were deceived by a group of girls, while Parris does not want the trials to end as a fraud because the scandal of having a lying daughter and niece would end his career in Salem. Because of this, Danforth react to Proctor’s claims by accusing him of trying to undermine the court, which, in theocratic Salem, is tantamount to undermining God himself. The issue that you’re one’s name is important to one, and that some are willing to die for it. There are many contextual links and quotes, from plays, books and even the bible, stating that name is important to a man. ‘Good name in man and women, dear my lord, is the immediate jewel of their souls; who steals my purse steals trash; ’tis his, and has been slave to thousands; but he that filches from me my good name robs me of that which not enriches him, and makes me poor indeed’ This quote form the play ‘Othello’ by Shakespeare shows that a name is important to a man, more important than his money or possessions. ‘I quit this court! ‘ The stage direction of Hale slamming the door after quitting the court from which he was part of, ruins his good name and relinquishes the power he held, because he realises the injustice and lies that are holding the court up. ‘Their bodies are buried in peace, but their name shall liveth for evermore. ‘ This quote from the bible, of St Matthew, Chapter 44, verse 9 says that if someone is dead, but has not left a name behind them, it means that they have not sinned and their name shall live on forever. Giles acted upon the same principle in this act-‘I cannot give you his name. ‘ Giles refuses to name someone else just so he can keep his own life, and dies for the cause. Proctor in this act also does not defile his name, because he does not confess to witchcraft when prompted, so is thrown in jail with a death sentence. He instead speaks the truth-that Salem has ‘pulled down heaven and raised up a whore. ‘ In conclusion, in Act 3 of the crucible, Miller uses dramatic devices and events to highlight the key issues of the play, and, indeed, of the time, highlighting the problems and issues with Puritanism and the way of life in those days, and highlights the paranoia and hysteria that flourished in Salem at the time. He realises the irony of the trials, that they were supposed to be God’s will, but people were in fact using religion to their own ends. By Luke Worley (9T) 2915 words. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Writing and Personal Experience Essay

Personal experience essay writing largely refers to describing personal experience, as the title suggests. Usually, this type of essay would include describing some, incident or ordeal you have been through. However, it may also refer to a string of related incidents that you remember as one whole experience. It is entirely up to you how you choose to handle your Personal experience essay. Regardless of which way you wish to go about writing your essay, there is a general format that you would want to follow. Also, making an outline would help you to stay organized, and it would prevent you from wandering away from the main topic points.A general format for a Personal experience essay would include an introduction, a body and a conclusion. It is best to describe your points in chronological order, starting with the first point in your introduction, and winding up with you last in your conclusion. However, in a Personal experience essay you might need to include flashbacks at certain stages in your essay in order to refresh your reader's memory. You must remain as clear as possible when doing so. For your Personal experience essay, choose an experience that is easy to write about.Keeping it simple will allow you to have control over what you want to write about. You might not need to mention every detail you have in mind. The best approach is for you to make an outline of the experience. Your Personal experience essay is like any other essay in this way because you need to make brief pints to create a flow. However, you are generally free to go about your writing the way that you feel comfortable. In a Personal experience essay you do not need to support your claims or experiences with scholarly sources. Your experiences are entirely your own.However, you may want to compare your experience with some well known one. This is helpful in a Personal experience essay, and can stir a reader's interest. Though you are free to write in any style you want, avoid making g eneral statements. You need to make your statements match your personal experience. In a Personal experience essay, the primary focus is for you to describe yourself in relation to the incident you experience. You will need to increase the intensity of this when you start writing the main body of the essay. In a Personal experience essay, the body carries the main weight in terms of your personal description.The introduction deals with leading your reader into the main discussion while the conclusion should explain how the incident or personal experience has influenced you. For writing a Personal experience essay, there are few small but significant points you will find helpful. These include describing your experience through using your senses [whatever you see, feel, hear, smell, and taste]. In a Personal experience essay, you should also describe your thoughts, emotions, and actions. These will all help to bring out how the experience has influenced you.

Dominating the Dominant Behavioral Style Essay

The personality profile that I scored the highest on was the dominant behavioral style. Conscientiousness was a close second. Both of these results reflected my personality very well. There are positive and negative attributes to my determined style. Now that I am aware of what profile fits me, it is necessary to make adjustments. A balance is crucial for my development. In order to find a positive balance, it is essential to recognize my strengths and weaknesses. For me to make progress as an individual, I need to understand what identifies me as dominant and of a developer’s pattern. I also need to take a look at how I view myself and in turn how others view me. By making this assessment, I can begin to eliminate the negative traits and highlight my positive behavior. This will allow me to become a better person in both the workplace and my personal life. Taking a look at the dominance behavioral style, I took note at the many similarities to my personality. I am, indeed, a person that accepts challenges, makes quick decisions, causes action and likes to get immediate results. In my environment, I desire opportunities for advancement and individual accomplishment. I also seek freedom from controls and supervision. I demand direct answers. The action plan that I should follow holds the key to decreasing the negative aspects of this style. Learning to pace myself and relax is difficult for me. My need for people is something I have trouble realizing. Hopefully, coming to terms with what I need to do will allow me to make strides in the right direction. After my coworkers’ assessment of me, I came to the conclusion that I may be showing inconsistencies in my behavior. I received three different evaluations of my personality. I was seen as dominant, influential and steady. In my own defense, I chose three very different coworkers with varying degrees of acquaintance. One of them knows me very well, another knows me only at work and th e other met me only months ago. The person that knows me well chose the dominant behavioral style. The one that knows me only from work chose the influential behavioral style. The one that I met months ago chose steadiness as my behavioral style. In retrospect, I believe that the reason for the differences is based not only on how well each one knows me, but also on my working self-context. The need for me to become more consistent is evident by the way people perceive me. I want to be more dependable and steadfast. Another aspect that needs some work, on my part, is expectations. I have to stop putting expectations on myself and others. Sometimes setting unrealistic standards creates unnecessary conflict. Expecting others to behave in a particular way often becomes a great source of stress and disappointment. Less judgment and more understanding are goals that I have in place for myself since the assessment. Another downfall is my inability to give up control. Often in my career, it has come to my attention that I am over-assertive to the point of being abrasive. In my attempts to encourage, my efforts have been misinterpreted as criticism and judgment. It is my desire to relinquish my desire for control and give it to God. I also hope to be less judgmental and understanding of my co-workers. I want to be viewed as part of the team and to inspire and encourage others. God’s plan for me becomes more evident every day. Jesus shows us the best way to treat one another. I need to take from His example and apply His teachings to my life every day. It is my opinion that our Lord, Jesus Christ, had all of the positive attributes from each behavioral style. He showed us inspiration by spreading His enthusiasm for our God by preaching the Sermon on the Mount. That is a perfect example of His influential style. His steadiness style showed patience, loyalty and calm. He displayed this in His dealings with His disciples. He taught us how to create harmony and stability in our lives by following the laws of God. Jesus’ conscientiousness showed us that He was the ultimate diplomat. He dominates our hearts as Christians. He moves us to manage our trouble and solve our problems with His love. He causes us to take action and to accept challenges in His name, the way He did when He died on the cross for us. It is my belief that we should take the example of Jesus’ life as a template for our own lives. We should strive to build on the positive aspects of our particular behavioral style. Making it a priority to develop ourselves and enhance the way we grow is what will allow us to become more like Him. In the glory of His name, we should try to eliminate the negative and enhance the positive of our own unique and individual personality style. In doing so, we will find rewards in all aspects of our lives.

Face of War

The Face of War There are many different forms of artwork that can depict moments in my life. Many musical compositions, sculptures, and architecture, that express the trials and tribulations that I have endured in my lifetime. There is one piece of artwork that I find to be a complete expression of my entire life. Although â€Å"The Face of War† by Salvador Dali was influenced by tragedy in times of war; I have a different view on the painting. The painting itself shows a head that was severed from the body, lying in the sand. The head which looks withered has an expression on it of pain and misery. Its eyes and mouth are filled with identical faces all of which are surrounded by serpents tugging and biting at the rotting heads. to me the painting symbolizes many facets of human experience. It symbolizes pain, death, loss, frustration and despair. All of which I have experienced in dealing with low self-esteem, acceptance issues, and lack of motivation to accomplish anything. I am 30 years old and am just deciding what I want to do for the rest of my life. I have experienced pain in more ways than most people will be able imagine. From the constant loss of loved ones, to the emotional pain and physical pain inflicted on myself as well as the physical pain and emotional pain that has been inflicted by loved ones. Moments of despair and frustration have brought me to seek comfort in pain and suffering. I see the painting and it screams out to me speaking a constant struggle with one's feelings, a war inside that no one can see, and the infinite battle within myself that will either make me or break me. This piece of art has a great cultural value as it represents a period of time in which war was a big issue and everyone was feeling the consequences that war brings. It symbolized the pain of the people that were directly and indirectly involved with these tragedies.

Operating Systems and Networking Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Operating Systems and Networking - Coursework Example the following fields: opcode: 8 bits ra: 6 bits rb: 6 bits rc: 6 bits rd: 6 bits where ra, rb, rc, specify three input registers and rd specifies one destination register. If there is a single register file to store the identifications of all registers, how many registers could there be in that register file? 1.3. A processor has 24 registers, uses 8-bit immediate, and has 36 different instructions (corresponding to 36 operation codes) in its instruction set. These 36 instructions are classified into 4 types as listed below: Assume that the ISA requires that all instructions be multiple of 8 bits (1 byte) in length, and the operation codes (opcodes) are fixed length. Answer the following questions and write down the calculation steps involved. Type C: 6 bits of the operation code, 5 bits for the source register, 8 bits of the immediate, and 5 bits of the destination register. This totals to 19 bits. These are rounded up again to 24 bits. 24 bits are equivalent to 3 bytes. Therefore 3 bytes are required to encode type c instruction. The pipelining diagram is used to show the execution of a series or a sequence of instructions of processes of a computer. In the diagram, the sequence of instructions is shown vertically; that is from the top to the bottom. As for the clock cycles, they are often shown in the horizontal; that is from the left to the right. Each and every instruction is divided into its component stages. There are 3 instructions. Suppose a non-pipelining processor took 50 Nano seconds to process one instruction, and then it would take 3 * 50 = 150 Nano seconds to complete all the instructions. However when pipelining is used, we instead have 4 segment pipeline with a clock cycle that takes at least 10 Nano seconds approximately. 2.2. Suppose we have a slightly more complex program with data dependency and branches. Assume that in the case of branching, the instruction following a branch is always executed. Note that a conditional branch

King Leopold's Ghost by Adam Hochschilds Term Paper

King Leopold's Ghost by Adam Hochschilds - Term Paper Example One prominent thing about this book was refusal by nine publishing houses in United States to publish this book. Most of the colonialists invaded Africa with the motive of getting industrial resources and enriching themselves. However, they gave false pretexts for the scramble saying they were after benefiting their colonial subjects. Some of these pretexts included spreading the gospel, educating their subjects and delivering benefactions to their colonial subject. Different colonial powers worsened the living conditions and lives of their subjects. Most of the atrocities and crimes done by King Leopold’s and his army as the author describes. While most of these colonialists exploited their subjects, King Leopold representing the Belgian imperialism over-exploited the people of Congo, made them slaves and even tortured them. This is something truly different as compared to the French imperialism in Senegal. Useful Discussions from King Leopold’s Ghost   During the ti me of European imperialism, there are so many things that took place, with many nations trying to build empires in different parts of the world, including Africa and Asia (Hochschild 21). The term ‘civilized people’ was used by a Swedish missionary, C.N. Borrisson, who described their different intentions for the scrambling for African resources. According to the known facts, the colonialists lied about their reasons for invading some of these nations. The facts are that the colonialists wanted raw materials for their industries. There was also need to get cheap labor for their industries. These colonialists took this opportunity to develop their economy so as to increase their kingdoms. One thing about this book is that it offers a lot of information about these developments in Congo by the Belgians. There were many things that transpired in the name of colonialism. There was an increase in support for the colonialists by other nations such as the United States and Can ada. The main explanations given by the colonialists or the ‘civilized people’ for the exploitation and colonial imperialism included the need to spread Christianity also extend their benefactions abroad (Hochschild 26). Many humanitarians view this as a stratagem that does not make any sense at all. The increased settlement by the colonialists in these countries justifies the materialism and desire for wealth. King Leopold’s Ghost is a story providing a focuses on the vivid accounts of what took place in Africa. Adam Hochschild’s book therefore, deals with the continued looting which took place in Congo. It is worth noting that people went through traumatizing events apart from been tortured by the colonialists. This helps us understand the main reasons why the ‘civilized people’ invaded these nations. This neglect by the colonialists to care about the colonists was a crucial issue for consideration when examining the roles played by these â €˜civilized people’ in Africa. The other noteworthy thing to consider is the colonialists’ callous disregard for the lives and the dignity of others based on the color of their skin, nationality, religion, or ethnic backgrounds. During these days, the colonialists prejudiced the Africans without giving them any opportunity to express themselves (Hochschild 62). The ‘civilized people’ continued disregarding the dignity and lives of others based on their skin color, religion, nationality and ethnic background. The whites treated Africans indifferently on their

What is the significance of parthenogenesis in her underground Term Paper

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Property Crowd Funding Position - Essay Example There are three types of crowdfunding, which include donation, debt, and equity. Donation crowdfunding is mostly related to noble causes, where most people decide to invest simply for they believe in the purpose of Crowdfunding. Similarly, debt crowdfunding is based on the concept of peer-to-peer lending process1. In debt crowdfunding, the entire process revolves around lending money, wherein the investors expect to receive their interest on their invested amount and thus, gain profits. In this case of debt crowdfunding, along with the financial returns, investors also aim at gaining the benefit of contributing to the success of a particular purpose, which they believe as worthwhile. Additionally, in the case of equity crowdfunding, people invest in exchange for equity. Fundamentally, here the money is exchanged with the shares. Correspondingly, it can be stated that when the funding is successful, the community’s share value goes up, and vice-versa2. It is worth mentioning in this regard that both debt crowdfunding and equity crowdfunding can be related to property crowdfunding concepts, wherein investors tend to buy a real estate in order to sell it or let it out in order to obtain profits or returns. Aimed at elaborating on the context of property crowdfunding, the discussion henceforth will elaborate on two main themes, which are property or real estate and crowdfunding. In the view of today’s competitive global business world, crowdfunding in real estate has emerged as a new investment option with secured high returns for many. It was following this augmentation in the rate of property crowdfunding that the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act of 2012 was brought into effect in the US. This new rule was intended to allow all the investors from every income level to gain direct access to the real estate market with the help of crowdfunding.  

Film Studies (C) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film Studies (C) - Essay Example It is not difficult to discover that hidden evils inside of humans are exposed during these ideological issues. People are born with personality traits such as selfishness, jealousy, and brutality. In spite of themselves or instinctively, people express these characteristics in self defense. The films Machuca and Malena describe these human evils in severe situations like war and political conflicts. In addition, these films have a common theme in that they show them through the child’s point of view. The following essay focuses on how people act in an unstable society such as in war or coups and how the children feel and regard such situations. This is shown by the directors as they reveal the story through these two movies. Both of the films, Machuca and Malena, have the common background of war. Andres Wood, the director of Machuca, and Giuseppe Tornatore, the director of Malena, chose the historical background of war to express the evil side of humankind. In the films, human evil is expressed instinctively in difficulties or severe situations and portrayed through the backdrop of Chile in 1973 and World Warâ… ¡. In 1973, Allende’s government in Chile won the general election, but was soon collapsed by the coup d’Ã ©tat of Pinochet and capitalism. (Encyclopedia) Capitalism and socialism were head to head against each other. The conflict between people who had vested rights and those who did not was accelerating; the gap between the rich and poor was growing larger. Therefore, the conflict between these two classes was naturally increasing. Wood shows the reality of Chile through Gonzalo and Machuca. Gonzalo represents the wealth of capitalism, while Machuca from the shanty town repre sents the failure of the realization of socialism. On the other hand, Tornatore depicts Italy in World War â… ¡. The town is extremely unsettled because of the German military

Alfred Doolittle’s Lower Class Representation In Pygmalion Essay Example for Free

Alfred Doolittle’s Lower Class Representation In Pygmalion Essay Alfred Doolittles Lower Class Representation in Pygmalion Realist author George Bernard Shaws Pygmalion challenges Englands upper class to realize the pointlessness of their flamboyant lifestyle and pokes fun at this society. Shaw writes to expose the differences in the lifestyles of the social classes and how different characters react to their status. Shaw uses Alfred Doolittle and his social status to depict a character that freely accepts his status and his reaction to eventually moving up social classes. Because of his dislike of middle class morality, appreciation of and the freedom that accompanies his lower social status, and his eventual climb into the upper class, Doolittle presents a desire to remain in undeserving poverty. Doolittle, throughout the play, demonstrates a dislike for middle class morality. Before he becomes rich, Doolittle defines middle class morality as an excuse of never giving me anything. Doolittle represents a dislike for middle class morality and wishes for cheerfulness and a song like those in the upper classes. Doolittle believes middle class morality claims its victims. Eventually Doolittle becomes a victim when he is given money to lecture. Doolittle becomes apart of the upper class but dislikes being viewed as a member of this society. Doolittle says that he believes lower class men look at him and envy him. Doolittle says he, in fact, will look down to the lower class helpless and envy them. Doolittle does not like the upper classes and middle class morality. Throughout the play, Doolittle presents characteristics that suggest he accepts his current lower class social status and enjoys the freedom associated with his status. When asked by Colonial Pickering if he has no morals, Doolittle Stokes 2 establishes his status and distance from upper class characteristics by replying, I cant afford them, Governor. Doolittle comments to Henry Higgins that undeserving poverty is my line. Doolittle represents an individual who lives in poverty and accepts his current placement in society. He continues by saying, Im undeserving; and I mean to go on being undeserving. Doolittle does not want to be apart of the upper class society because so much is expected of them. Doolittle is extremely happy being in his current social status. He says, They (millionaires) dont know what happiness is. Doolittle believes the upper class is unhappy because they are living an imaginary life. Doolittle does not wish to be apart of the upper class because he would be expected to speak and act properly in order  to retain his status within the class. Doolittle, an undeserving member of the lower class, is comfortable and happy in his lower class social situation. Doolittle suddenly encounters money and is thrust into upper class society. Doolittle receives a share in a trust and is required to lecture for three thousand a year. Doolittle freely accepts the financial gain but soon realizes the social obligations that accompany it. Doolittle says, I have to live for others and not myself. Individuals who seek to take advantage of his newfound wealth surround him. Doolittle believes that everybody touches me for money. Doolittle sights one example of how individuals with money are treated better than those without money. Before he had money doctors would shove him out of the hospitals. Once the doctors realize Doolittle has money they cant live unless they looks after me twice a day. Doolittle, who retains the personality of a Stokes 3 member of the lower class, is upset because people are using him for money. Doolittle feels his is now expected to provide for everyone. Doolittle says he was happy before he got the money. Doolittle, who is propelled into the upper class, recognizes people are using him. He wishes and strives to remain the same person he was before he encountered money. Doolittles dislike of middle class morality, appreciation of and the freedom that accompanies his lower social status, and his eventual climb into the upper class presents his desire to remain in undeserving poverty. Doolittle, a character who emerges financially from poverty to being rich, strives to maintain his lower class status and the way of life they accompanied this status. Shaw, by using Doolittle, successfully presents a character that is happy with and comes to appreciate his status in the lower class society and wishes to remain in that social class.

Artificial Intelligence And Fuzzy Logic Controller In A Plc System Computer Science Essay

Artificial Intelligence And Fuzzy Logic Controller In A Plc System Computer Science Essay In this research paper, I am trying to analyse more about advanced Programmable logic controllers.Today it is hard to imagine a industry without PLC and other automatic controllers. As the production becomes more and more efficient, the controller work faster and the system become more complex. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques reduce the complexity and they are used through PLC-based process control system. The working of artificial intelligence consist of -diagnostic, knowledge, expert and the structure of an AI system. Function such as AI fault diagnostics in process help in controlling and successfully predicting the outcomes based on resident knowledge. Here i will be researching more about the applications of PLCs such as use of PLC s with fuzzy logic. Basic fuzzy logic and also its fundamental concepts will be analysed. Use of the fuzzy logic controller in practical applications include providing real time logical control systems. In the end i will be concluding on how advanced PLC are more efficient than the conventional PLCs. In industry use of automatic controllers is increased, the use of PLCs. The programmable logic controllers are based upon the on/off logic, in PLCs we use normally closed or normally open switch, and these switch can turn on or turn off the devices. PLCs contain a small processing unit, memory, input and output interfaces. But the PLCs are not able to represent the all data of the process and they are not able to take action to remove the faults. But with the help of the Artificial Intelligence we can make the system to make the decision on faults. Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science. In AI we use the data from the process to solve the many faults in the industry. All the information used by the AI is gathered from the person working in the plant/machine and log book also provide information about fault. The information about the fault-what kind of fault that was and how that was solved. Once all the information we gather from the process, all information is sto red in the memory of the PLC or elsewhere will be used by the PLC to solve the complex problems of the process. . II. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN A PLC A. Three type of AI system The classification of AI system is very difficult because they are used in the many applications but however we can classify in three types: 1.diagnostic 2.knowledge 3.expert.All three type of AI system have similar characteristics. The system become more and more sophisticated as the size of the data base increases and the extent how the process data is used. Diagnostic AI system. This type of system is the fault detecting systems. They detect the fault in the application and they do not solve the problem. For example if the temperature of a tank is decreased the diagnostic system can diagnose the fault by reading the thermocouple values. These system use the knowledge to reach on a fault conclusion, these type of system are used in the applications that use a small data base and knowledge. Knowledge AI system An knowledge AI system is the enhanced diagnostic system. These type of systems are able to detect the fault and process behaviours based on the knowledge and they are also able to take the decisions concerning the process and/or the possible cause of a fault. Expert AI system This type of system comes on the first position in AI applications. Expert systems are more capabilities than the knowledge system. The expert system provides a further capability for examining process data with the help of statistical analysis and the system predict outcomes of the process that are based on present process assessments. The outcome calculation may be a decision and with the help of that decision process maintain the output in spite of a fault detection. The knowledge used in the expert AI systems are more complex than in the other AI systems; these type of system generate more feedback information. The expert systems also require more refined software programming to make decision, since their decision trees involve more options and attributes. The implementation of the expert systems is only done by with the help of extra programming and they also need more hardware. The system use the transducers to make the decision in the process and the total number of transducer used in this system is more than the other system. Programmable logic controller use the AI system, it will need two or more than two processer to make the all programming for the system. PLC system require more speed to operate in real time, the system should be fast. The system has large data to operate in the real time due to large data system also need large memory to store that data . B. Artificial Intelligence System Architecture The block diagram (Figure 1 ) shows the basic architecture of an AI system. It has three primary elements: 1 Global database, 2 Knowledge database, 3 Inference engine. The block diagram show that expert block first, that block provide the knowledge to the AI system and the knowledge is received from a person who know about the plant/process, how the machine perform their operation. The expert sends the all information (about system maintenance, faults) to the knowledge engineer. The process of transmitting the knowledge and gathering data is known as knowledge acquisition. C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg3.jpg Figure.1 Artificial Intelligence system Architecture Global Database Global database contain the information about the process and the system, how to control them. The information contained by the global database is about the input and output data flow from the process. The global database is the storage area, the information about the process stored. The data stored in global database can be used any time to make the AI decision to control the process. PLC have memories to store the data and the Global database resides in the memory of the system that makes the system to take the AI decisions. We can also use the AI system with computer and the Global database will be in the hard disk of the computer. Knowledge Database The knowledge database store the information as the global database store about the process and the all information is supplied from the expert. It also contains information about the faults, process, causes of the problems and their solutions as well. Moreover, all the rules that help to make the decision are also stored in the knowledge database. The diagnostic system has knowledge database and that is less complex than the knowledge system. The knowledge system is less complicated than the expert system. It stored in the system memory. Inference Engine All the AI system has inference engine. All the decisions are made in the inference engine. Inference engine use the knowledge database to make the decision about the process and after that inference engine execute the rules in the process. It also uses the historical data of the process to make the real time decision. PLC system contain the central processing unit, CPU perform all the operation for the system and the inference engine may be inside the CPU or it may not be inside data that depends upon the diagnostic, knowledge, expert. C. Knowledge representation In the knowledge representation all the AI strategies are organised and the knowledge engineer represent the input of the expert. The knowledge database is used for the storage of the representation. The knowledge from the expert is changed in the form of rules (IF and THEN/ELSE) and we call it rule-based knowledge representation. It make the system capable to take action and decision. A PLC system is used with AI, all the control strategies are executed by software programs. Whenever a fault is detected by the system and at that time system makes a decision, inference engine also use the knowledge representation. The decision will be in the form of software. D. Rule-based knowledge representation It uses the knowledge from the expert and make the decision with the help of that knowledge. The rules contain two parts, first part antecedent (IF something happens) and the second part consequent (THEN take this action). All the rules are made for the process and they can be complex. A simple rule-based System may make a simple diagnostic rule, such as: IF the temperature of a tank is less than the set point, THEN turn on the heater. A more complex diagnostic formula may contain rules that further depend on a more complex diagnostic formula and they involve the rules that are depend on Parent rules: IF case 1, THEN  ¾Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  ELSE nothing â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ ½ IF case 2, THEN  ¾Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  ELSE something â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ ½ IF case 3  ¾Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  THEN nothing â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ · â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ · The decision tree makes the system capable to take the decisions. The figure 2 shows how the decision tree works to get a decision on the given process data. C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg4.jpg â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Figure 2 â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Decision Tree E. Knowledge inference This is the method used to draw conclusion by gathering the data. When the system execute the main control strategy at that time the inference of knowledge takes place in the inference engine. The knowledge inference is also takes place in knowledge database when computation of rule is going on. In the small control system the knowledge inference takes place on local basis. But in case of large systems knowledge inference takes place in the hierarchical system. To design a AI based PLC we need hardware, the need of hardware depends on the involvement of the AI. In all AI systems some common methods of rules are used for the implementation of knowledge inference. Methods are: 1. Forward Chaining, 2.Backward Chaining. Forward chaining-This method is used to find out the outcomes of a given data and receives the information from the global database. Forward Chaining is done by two methods: depth first, breadth first search. Backward chaining-This is also similar to the forward chaining. Basically it is used to find the antecedents. F. Basic Architecture of an AI based PLC Large and complex distributed control systems are made by the combination of small systems. They can communicate with each other either directly or with the help of local area network. The AI is added in the large systems, global database, knowledge database and knowledge inference from these is distributed all over the system. These large systems are made by the combination of small system and all the local system has their own local data base and knowledge database. The PLCs in the diagram shows they perform inference engine computations. In the large systems the supervisory PLC use the all subsystem and their local database to make a complex decision. The main computer we call it blackboard hold the all information from the small units. The main computer applies all the complex AI solution. C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg5.jpg Figure 3 Architecture of an AI based PLC III. FUZZY LOGIC IN A PLC In industrial automation Programmable Logic Controller combine the simplicity, and reliability. Fuzzy logic is a part of AI which deals with reasoning used to imitate human decision making and thinking in machines. The reasoning is transformed in algorithms. These algorithms are used when the data cannot be converted in the binary form. The output of the process is the input for the fuzzy controller. Fuzzy logic performs three main actions. First is fuzzification, in this action the data received at the input is converted in the fuzzy form. Second is fuzzy processing, which involves the transformation of the input data according to IF†¦THEN rules formed by the user at the time of design and programming of the fuzzy control systems. After finishing the fuzzy processing (rule-processing stage) the fuzzy controller reach an outcome. Third is defuzzification process, this is final step of the fuzzy controller. In this step the final output data is converted into the real output data and after that the data is sent to the process with the help of output interface. The fuzzy logic controller is placed in the PLC rack in this case the controller does not have a direct contact with the process, the fuzzy logic controller will send the defuzzification data in the PLC memory location and PLC send that data to the process by the interface module. In the most of the fuzzy logic controller have their independent interface ports and they are also connected to the PLC with the help of the plug. The fuzzy controller can communicate with the process through the PLCs input/out ports. PLC can be interfaced with the intelligent fuzzy controllers. Interface of Fuzzy logic with PLC A Fuzzy logic controllers input interface can read the data from the 8 devices and it can transmit the data to 4 output devices with the help of the output interface. This interface is able to perform 128 rules, each rule can have maximum IF conditions and the action will be in the form of two THEN. The fuzzy logic controller has capability to perform all its computations in only in 6 msec if fuzzy logic unit works separately of the processer, as a result it providing fast functioning of fuzzy logic control. Fuzzy Logic and I/O Communication In below given Table 1, the Fuzzy Logic Unit (FLU) uses the programmable controllers memory to store the control parameters and fuzzy logic controller uses 10 words or registers. The position of the FLU module in the rack tells about the registers addresses. Assuming that the position of the FLU module takes the addresses 110 through 119, the use of the addresses by the FLC module as follows: The first four bits (0-3) the first word is (word 110) and its first four bits(0-3) enclose, in BCD, the FLU module uses as the number of inputs. 15 number bit turns on the fuzzy processing of this word. The second word (word 111) specifies that the location of the input data stored in the PLCs memory. It tells the starting register address. TABLE I inputs: bits 0-3 of word 110 specify the number of inputs to be read (8 max) (e.g., I = 8) Word 111: starting address where input data is located (length of I) (e.g., address = 120) Outputs: bits 0-3 of word 112 specify the number of outputs to be written (4 max) (e.g., O = 4) Word 113: starting address where output data is located (length of O) (e.g., address = 130) Word 114: used for flags and settings Words 115-119: available as working word addresses 3) As the first word, the third word is (word112) and the first four bits enclose the outputs in BCD. 4) The fourth word (word 113) store the address where the output data is stored, the output data is obtained by the fuzzy logic computations. Because fuzzy logic controller work with the other I/O interfaces, their input/output data must be send to the I/O modules working with them. Figure 4 shows how the memory addresses (words) used by the Fuzzy Logic Controller and it also shows the location of the input and output data according to the input/output devices. C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg2.jpg Figure 4 The working of the Fuzzy Logic Unit works with I/O interfaces We can also use the block transfer instruction to transfer the data between FLU and input/output interfaces (Figure 5). C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg1.gif Figure 5.Block Transfer of instructions IV CONCLUSION When we apply artificial techniques to a system, we need to add hardware as well as software to in the system. The program that system needed is depending upon the fault in the system, the fault detection is complex then the program will be more complex. We design a system that also has intelligence; this is possible by adding the data from the process. The data should be about the process regarding the last time fault and what type of fault that was, how that was solved and when was the last maintenance performed. The addition of artificial intelligence and fuzzy logic controller in a PLC make the system faster and the system will be able to take decision about the process. The system will be better than the conventional PLCs. . . V REFRENCES [1] Bikash Pal, Balarko Chaudhuri, Robust control in power systems, Spinger, 2005 . [2] Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Users Guide, The MathWorks, Inc.,2008. [3] PLC-5 Programmable Controlers, Rockwell Automation, USA, 2007. [4] C. P. Chuang, X. Lan, J. C. Chen, A systematic procedure for designing state combination circuits in PLCs, Journal of Industrial Technology, 1999;15(3):2-5. [5] S. Manesis, K. Akantziotis, Automated synthesis of ladder automation circuits based on state-diagrams, Advances in Engineering Software, 2005;36:225-233. [6] A. Rullan, Programmable logic controllers versus Personal computers for process control, Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1997;33:421-424. [7] J. Jang, P. H. Koo, S. Y. Nof, Application of design and control tools in a multirobot cell, Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1997;32:89-100. [8] P. Klingstam, P. Gullander, Overview of simulation Tools for computer-aided production engineering, Computers in Industry, 1999;38:173-186. [9] L. A. Bryan, E. A. Bryan, Programmable Controllers, Theory and Implementation, An industrial text company publication, U.S.A. 1997, p. 785.